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Kaposvár Class Frigate

Sūvardland's Ovttastuvvan Skeppsindustri AB, a prominent shipbuilding company, engineered and constructed a series of frigates for export under the internal classification "Prošeakta LEF-67." These vessels were commissioned into service across various countries in the central continent, with the Secrazchak Empire being the first to adopt them in 1967, designating the ships as Kaposvár Class frigates. The Kaposvár Class frigates quickly gained a reputation for their robust capabilities and versatility, seeing extensive action and participation in numerous naval operations. The lead ship of the class, SNS Kaposvár, played a significant role in the inaugural edition of the Joint Naval Exercise Orditou in 1971, showcasing the strategic importance and operational excellence of these frigates.

One of the most intriguing episodes in the history of the Kaposvár Class occurred with the SNS Kaposvár during the geopolitical upheavals of 1989. As the Secrazchak Empire disintegrated, the SNS Kaposvár found itself returning from the 1989 edition of the annual Joint Naval Exercise Orditou. The collapse of the empire left the vessel effectively stateless, adrift in international waters without a recognized flag. For two months, the SNS Kaposvár and her crew were stranded, navigating a period of uncertainty and diplomatic limbo. Eventually, the ship was directed to one of the newly formed nations that emerged from the remnants of the Secrazchak Empire, marking a unique and storied chapter in the annals of naval history.

Thana Class


HINS Tana, Imperial Ethiopian Navy, 1990

In 1987 the Empire of Ethiopia ordered four new frigates from Yarrow to replace their older ships. The ships had to be multirole as well as relatively cheap to operate but capable of dealing with the latest threats from Soviet-supplied weapons systems then in the region. A relatively large calibre gun was provided for dealing with FACs and shore gunfire support as well as the BAe Dynamics Seaflash SAM and the BAe Dynamics Sea Martel SSM. The modern design included basic passive RCS features. In service, they proved to be capable - if cramped - ships and remain in service today. The ships are named after Ethiopian lakes.

Tana (F5) - laid down May 1988, completed August 1990
Turkana (F6) - laid down June 1988, completed November 1990
El Sod (F7) - laid down September 1989, completed October 1991
Abbe (F8) - laid down June 1990, completed August 1992

Displacement: 2,350 tons (standard)
Dimensions: length 322ft 6in (oa) 304ft 6in; beam 42ft; draught 16ft 6in (over sonar dome)
Machinery: one 26,150shp RR Spey SM1C gas turbine and two 3,500hp Paxman Ventura diesels
30kts on both, 15kts on diesels
Speed: 30kts (deep and clean, CODAG), 15.5kts (diesels only)
Range: 5,000 nautical miles at 12kts
Armament:
1x Royal Ordnance/Vickers 105mm Naval Patrol Gun Mk.1 (based on 105mm L7 gun)
2x1 30mm LS-30
2x4 Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Sea Martel SSM container-launchers (replaced with Sea Eagle SSMs from 1995)
1x8 Mk 29 GMLS for 8x (plus 8x reload) BAe Dynamics Active Seaflash SAMs
2x2 12.75in torpedo tubes for Stingray lightweight guided torpedoes (18x torpedo magazine, shared with helicopter provision)
Helicopters: hangar for 1x Westland Lynx
Radars:
1x Marconi S1820 air/search search radar
1x Type 1006 navigation radar
2x Marconi ST802 fire-control radars
EW/Defences:
Marconi Mentor ESM
4x GEC Portcullis RWR/IR/laser self-defence sensors
2x Corvus decoy launchers
Sonar:
1x Thomson-Marconi Spherion TSM 2633 LF active/passive search and attack sonar

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Interwar RN Capital Ships
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Never-Were British Aircraft

As the cold war intensified and the threat of Soviet Submarines increased, NATO Leadership sought to strengthen the Antisubmarine Warfare capabilities of it's members through the adaption of a common affordable ASW escort. The result of this initiative was the Common Affordable (later changed to ASW as costs rose) NATO Ship or CANS for short.

A lengthy design program set out to create an ideal and effective ASW platform. The final result was a more general purpose escort than originally envisioned, and consisted of SWATH hull fitted with a combat system comparable to the Perry. The final design would be adapted by not only multiple NATO members but also several partner nations as well. Standard Armament was a Mk-22 GMLS with 16 SM-1 or Harpoon missiles, a set of Mk 32 SVTT, and a OTO Melara 76mm guns. Most nations also fitted a Phalanx CIWS atop the hangar roof. An extendable hangar was carried for the ship to embark a helicopter for ASW duties. Examples of alternative armaments include the use of Crotale and Sea Wolf launchers for French and British versions respectively and Spain using Meroka in place of a Phalanx. Propulsion was diesel electric. A pair of diesel generators driving a pair of electric motors. To decrease acoustic signature, the two main diesel generators were located on the platform deck above the waterline. A third smaller diesel generator was fitted aft of the port generator to provide auxiliary power.

The ship would eventually be adapted by over half a dozen NATO and NATO Partner nations, forming the basis of among others, The Dutch Holland Class, the Norwegian Draugr Class and Japanese Isokaze Class, in addition to the Vizcaya Class of The Spanish Armada shown here. Pictured is the Leon, the 2nd ship of the the Vizcaya Class. Notable changes from the base design for the Vizcaya include indigenous EW Systems and a Meroka CIWS atop the hangar in place of the standard Phalnax. Due to Spanish Shipyards lacking experience building SWATH Hulls, Leon, along with Vizcaya were built and launched in the US by Bethlehem Steel Corporation before being shipped to Spain aboard a heavy lift ship to be fitted out. Later ships in the class were fully built domesticly, this was a common arrangement among CANS operators. While not originally intended for domestic use, the US Navy did eventually adopt the type when the 1986 Turkish Revolution and subsequent arms embargo led to the cancellation of the Istanbul Class prior to delivery. The 3 ex-Turkish ships were rebranded as the John C Butler Class rather than sold to another nation as part of the USN's efforts to fulfill presidential ambitions of a "600 ship" navy.

Fiamletta-class Frigate


LNA Fiamletta (F-26) after wartime modification, during the Operation Broken Blade, Dec 1994

The Fiamletta-class frigate (Project 431) was a class of general-purpose export frigate designed and built in the 1980s. All four ships of the class were built in Baklava for Laterano Navy (LNA). In the late 1970s, LNA had a requirement for a replacement for the out-dated destroyers powered by steam turbine. Baklava proposed two options for the export ships: 2,500t diesel-powered frigate based on Project 425, and newly-designed 3,500t project scheme utilizing a CODOG propulsion system. LNA chose the latter, which was costlier but offered better performance. The design featured a sizable superstructure and utilized substantial quantities of aluminum alloy in the superstructure to minimize top weight.

As the first of the class, LNA Fiamletta (F-26) was laid down in Jan 1981, and entered service in March 1984. Along with LNA Lemuen (F-27) in the same class, the ship took part in the Operation Broken Blade in Dec 1994, providing anti-submarine and anti-aircraft duties for the task force. LNA Fiamletta achieved a shot down of an enemy anti-ship missile during the operation. The ship was converted to training vessel in Oct 2017.

Displacement: 3,600 tons (standard); 4,050 tons (full load)
Dimensions: length 134.2 m; beam 13.5 m; draught 5.6 m
Machinery: 2 gas turbines + 4 diesel engines (CODOG)
Speed: 30 knots on both, 21 knots diesels only
Armament (1994):
1 x 100mm naval gun
2 x 2 40mm autocannon
2 x 12.7mm heavy machine gun
2 x 4 anti-ship missile launchers
1 x 9 anti-aircraft missile (SARH) launchers
2 x 3 324mm torpedo tubes for lightweight guided torpedoes
1 x anti-submarine rocket launcher
1 x helicopter

Villar-class frigate




Frigate F-41 BAP Montero in its initial configuration arriving to the port of Callao, April 1976.

The Villar class, consisting of 6 ships, was an export frigate type designed and produced by Damen shipyards primarily for the Peruvian Navy in the 1975s, as an attempt to produce an economical, air defense oriented ship in support of destroyers in escort groups, but also capable of acting as an independent escort and blue water patrol vessel.

Its main features were to use radars already proven for the time, such as the HSA LW-03 air search radar, being placed in the first two units of the series, as well as other equipment for fire control and guidance of anti-aircraft missiles in conjunction with anti-aircraft systems such as the Mk 22 GMLS and Mk 29 GMLS, carrying medium and short range missiles respectively, supported by a series of medium and point defense guns, as well as hull-mounted sonar and light torpedoes, thus maintaining its multifunctional role.

a) Dimensions:
- Displacement: 2800 standard tons and 3150 tons at full load.
- Length: 118 meters.
- Beam: 13.5 meters.
- Draft: 4.3 meters.

b) Electronics:

- Airborne scanning radar HSA LW-03.
- Surface search radar ZW-06.
- Radar of target indication and direction of fire WM 20.
- SPG-70 (RTN-10X) direction-finding radar.
- Navigation radars.
- Tracking radar AN/SPG-51 mod 14.
- 2 x SPG-74 (RTN-20X) gunnery direction finding radars.
- Continuous Wave Illuminator MK-95 radar.
- 2 x anti-submarine decoy launchers.


c) Propulsion and power:
- CODOG 2 x RR Olympus.
- 2 × Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1C gas turbines, 4,900 shp (3,700 kW) each.
- 2 × Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines, 25,700 shp (19,200 kW) each.
- 2 Shafts

d) Armament in 1976:
1. 1 x Oto Melara 76/62.
2. 2 x Oto Melara 40/70 Compact Double Dart.
3. 4 x MM-38 Exocet MM-38 Exocet anti-ship missile emplacements.
4. 1 x MK 13 GMLS for 16 RIM 66 SM-1 MR anti-aircraft missiles.
5. 1 x MK 29 GMLS for 8 RIM-7 M+ point defense missiles.

e) Speed and Range:
- Maximum of 30 knots (55.56 km/h).
- 4500 nautical miles (8334 km) at 12 knots (22.2 km/h).

f) Complements:

- 185 crew members.

g) Aircraft:

- 1x AB-212 ASW Helicopter.

Nik'uneti-Class Medium Anti-Submarine Vessel (Light Frigate)



By the late 1950s the Imperial Ethiopian Navy was in a rather sorry state, it had an ageing fleet of hand-me-down vessels and half broken prizes. While this was mostly down to purely financial reasons the post-Second Great War boom did affect the impoverished Empire especially in the recently liberated regions of Eritrea and Puntland with gold and oil discoveries respectively.

With the increase in trade and the Empire's recent assention to the Constantinople Compact of Cooperative Polities more commonly and incorrectly known as the Russian Bloc, Emperor Haile Selassie I ordered a full rebuild of his Navy.

To this end in several dozen officers toured the shipyards and design bureaus of Russia, Poland, Former Germany, North China and North Japan looking for a frigate design that could be tailored to their specifications.

They settled on a light anti-submarine frigate which could double as a radar picket and trade protection vessel as the Gulf of Aden was their primary export route and there was always the spectre of the Imperial Federation's Royal Navy sitting in Aden and further afield in India. To be built at the New Admiralty Shipyards of Tallinn.

By 1961 the first two members of what would end up being a twelve member class were commissioned. Named the Nik'uneti (Vigilance) class they where largely compareable to other light frigates used by navies all over the world. The design would be further adapted for use by the Yugoslavian, Hellenic and Siamese Navies all built at Tallinn.

Displacement: 3,350 tons
Dimensions: length 384.5ft (117.19m) (oa) 377ft (114.91m) : beam 50ft (15.24m) : draught 22.5ft (over sonar dome)
Machinery: 2x Nabakov Steam Turbine Plants 40,000 SHP, 2 shafts.
Speed: 28.5 knots
Range: 4,000 nautical miles at 15 knots
Armament: 1 x M1948 100mm guns in M1955 twin mount
2 x M1960 Naval Light Anti-Air Missiles in M1960 Twin Rail Mounts
2 x M1939 37mm Autocannons in M1946 twin mounts
2 x M1954 305mm Anti-Submarine Mortar in stablised mounts.
2 x M1959 320mm Light Torpedo Launchers in triple mounts
Helicopters: 1 x Kharlamov Kh-7
Radars: 1 x M1954 Long Range Aircraft Detection Radar
1 x M1958 Short Range Aircraft Detection Radar
1 x M1956 Medium Range Surface Detection Radar
2 x M1959 Medium Range Aircraft Tracking Radars
2 x M1960 Short Range Aircraft Targeting Radars
1 x M1950 Light Heightfinding Radar on M1950 Electomechanical Rangefinding Mount
EW/Defences: None fitted at commissioning
Sonar: 1 x M1958 Twin Set ASDIC

The US Navy faced significant issues with operational and development costs. After the failure of the Typhon program, development projects often ran over budget, were canceled, stalled upon reaching operational status, or deemed impossible. This created a substantial problem as the Navy had critical responsibilities to fulfill: countering Soviet submarines, defending carrier battle groups from aerial attacks, and updating an increasingly obsolete fleet.

The Charles F. Adams-class air defense ships needed replacement by the new Aegis destroyers, while the successful Spruance-class destroyers couldn't be produced in sufficient numbers to replace the FRAM destroyers. The main air defense fighter, the F-14 Tomcat, needed upgrades to remain effective. Each of these programs faced potential cancellation daily. Restarting any of these projects would be even costlier, despite budget overruns and flaws. Yet, decisions made by a less informed Congress exacerbated the situation.

To circumvent this, the Navy needed a strategy: ensure Congress wasn’t the sole decider of what gets developed and funded. If a development was already in production for allied nations, it would be harder for Congress to cancel it. The Navy's in-house design team created a versatile ship that could be built in any shipyard, domestically or internationally. The value lay in its systems, which were prime targets for cost-cutting. More widespread use of these systems would eventually lower maintenance and development costs.

This design effort was a spin-off from the team working on the new PF-1098 class frigates meant to replace the FRAM destroyers. By keeping the project’s funding separate from congressional scrutiny, the design incorporated many elements from the Patrol Frigate. However, it also featured significant differences: metric measurements, a hull similar to European designs, and a crew size 20% smaller than comparable US Navy ships. The powerplant used was a COGOG layout (2 x Tyne + 2 x LM2500), common in European designs. Interestingly, to allow for the midship hangar on a relatively small ship, the Tyne's were placed outboard of the propeller shafts to allow their intakes and removal hatches to be aside the hangar.



The resulting design utilized the Sea Phoenix missile, securing its missile guidance system and the AWG-9 radar development. The Sea Phoenix variant chosen had a modified Tartar airframe, allowing it to be launched from the Mk 26 Common launcher, a critical system for both the new Aegis destroyer and the Patrol Frigate. The LM2500 engine was selected to reduce maintenance costs, having been newly introduced with the Spruance class. Other systems like the Mk 45 gun, Mk 32 SVTT, and SLQ-32 were included for similar reasons. The sonar was an SQQ-23, a sonar also considered for the Patrol Frigate, capable enough but not as expensive as the SQS-53 used in the Spruance. A spot on the bow was reserved for a bold-on CIWS, similar to how this was to be done on the future Patrol Frigate and how it was done on the Spruance class, as the in-development Phalanx was not ready for deployment on board yet.

Specifications:
- Length: 130.6 m
- Beam (wl): 14.4 m
- Displacement: 3750 t full load
- Range: 4700 nm at 16 knots
- Complement: 170
- Speed: 30 knots

The export frigate essentially became a smaller version of the Spruance class, with some characteristics of the DXG. It could operate a LAMPS helicopter, provide gunfire support, defend against air attacks, and attack Soviet submarines. However, its smaller size and fewer weapons meant it couldn't perform these tasks as effectively or under as many conditions as the larger Spruance class. Still, the export frigate was affordable and capable, making it an attractive option.

Allied navies, monitoring the Patrol Frigate's development, showed immediate interest in the Export Frigate. The German Navy and Australia each ordered four. The Netherlands considered it for their frigate program but requested their radar systems and construction at their own yards, increasing costs and reducing its value for the US Navy and companies involved. Ultimately, the Dutch adopted the hull design but used different weapons, propulsion, and radar systems to match their existing navy assets.

Overall, the export frigates were quite successful. Their sale helped bridge the gap to the new PF and DG programs for US shipyards and reduced costs for the Phoenix missile, Aegis DG, and many other subsystems. Even Congress was pleased, despite their initial concerns about the risks taken with taxpayer money without their involvement.

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Drawings are credited with J.Scholtens
I ask of you to prove me wrong. Not say I am wrong, but prove it, because then I will have learned something new.
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Kalimantan Class Frigate



Designed and built in Australasia with input from the Madiunese MoD, the Kalimantan series of frigates are based on the common 3000 series hull designs unveiled in the mid 80's. The growing Australasian shipbuilding industry already mature from the 1980 Northern war, emmerged relativelly unscaved and with a thriving industry reaping the benefits from post war mobilisation and growth.

With the aim of improving ties with neighbouring states, a batch of 4 hulls was built for Madium with the goal of strengthening local allies and national industries. The ships armament was modest for its size and outdated to some extent tho still quite capable and versatile, capable of dealing with all kind of targets. Provisions for new sensors, such as a towed sonar array, and future weapons systems such as VLS cells were already thought into the base design.

Specifications

Tonnage: 3,400 tonnes (full load)
Speed: 32 knots
Range: 6000 nmi at 18 knots

Weapons:

1x FAC Ultramarine 5 inch gun
8x Flèche SAMs
8x Type013 AShMs
1x 30mm Bellator CIWS
5x 0.50 cal machineguns
5x Étoile MANPADS

SSCS North Point


General characteristics:
Class: LEF2475/76 Series 1
Role: Air Defense Frigate
Builder: Republican Shipyard, Republic of Central Lestein
Operator: South States Confederation Navy

Ordered: 13 February 1976
Launched: 17 April 1977
Commissioned: 1 August 1977

Full displacement: 2475 metric tons
Standard displacement: 2115 metric tons

Full length: 104.90 m
Waterline length: 102.75 m
Beam: 12.62 m
Draft: 4.46 m

Propulsion:
2x gas turbines generating 19160 Shp in total
2x shafts
Speed: 31.5w

Armament:
1x 90 mm universal naval gun
4x 12.5 mm machine guns
2x double AA missile launchers
1x long-range depth bomb launcher
2x sideboard short-range depth bomb launchers
2x aft depth charge ramps
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Type 85-5 frigate


Davoran frigate Honnonn during its first operational patrol, early April 1987

Following on the success of the export-oriented 1,800-ton Type 80-2 frigates on the defense market, Galdioslavia, via the Strannomorsk ship design bureau, developed a successor generation of light frigates designed to directly follow (and provide a more affordable solution to) contemporary trends in Western designs, resulting in the 2,800-ton Type 85-5 class. The main aims were to provide approximately all-around combat capabilities (albeit retaining a predilection towards antisubmarine warfare), diesel internal combustion–gas turbine propulsion, built-in helicopter facilities, and ample room for future upgrades, all in a more compact, primarily green-water hull.

The use of new lightweight weapons systems was important in the design process, most notably the new RKK-7 (GSS-N-9 Sullen) anti-ship missile system, a naval adaptation of the air-launched RAK-11 (GAS-7 Kaolin) missile; such armament proved to be a welcome relief from the cumbersome P-15 (SS-N-2 Styx) missiles. The baseline sensor suite allowed space for additional electronics in a "fitted for, but not with" basis.

Additionally, the Galdioslav People's Naval Force hoped to learn lessons from the development and operations of the Type 85-5, as they looked to improve their own littoral naval warfare capabilities as the 21st century approached.

A total of 8 foreign nations, including two on Earth—Angola and Yugoslavia—would go on to receive the type, with 17 vessels being produced. In general, the class was deemed a success, with its ruggedness and versatility. On the downside, it had a fair amount of top weight, somewhat cramped space, and the less-than-expected room for upgrades not requiring extensive modifications.

The Republic of Davor is a subtropical nation whose armed forces utilized a rather diverse array of assets (an effect of the country's foreign policy of trying to be open with all major powers amid Cold War tensions) at its disposal. The 1980s marked the start of serious efforts of modernizing its major surface combatants, that was dominated by 1930s–40s era destroyers and destroyer escorts. Two Type 85-5s were initially acquired by the Davoran Navy in 1987–88 and named after aggressive traits, Honnonn and V'trang. These examples lacked the stern GSA-29 lightweight variable-depth sonar suite (the ones used on corvette-sized Galdioslav warships), but had Soviet-designed MP-401 ECM sets to complement the baseline SEP-33 jammers at the top of the mast. The third unit, Molaknenni, was approved in 1989 and constructed in the same year, being delivered in 1992; it now had the abovementioned VDS as standard, plus a more powerful GSA-27 hull sonar.

The class underwent midlife modernization in the latter half of the 2000s. Honnonn and V'trang finally received their full sonar outfit of Molaknenni, while the class overall received new radar sets, generators, rubber boats, and the capability to launch the extended-range variant of the RAK-11 as well as the RAK-14 anti-submarine rocket. The smokestack was rebuilt to accomodate another mast in an attempt to even out weight distribution from the foremast.

All remain in active service as of June 2024, and will do so until the early 2030s at the maximum.

Vessels

Honnonn ("Furious")
• Laid down 1985/04; launched 1986/04; commissioned 1987/03; active 2024
V'trang ("Uncompromising")
• Laid down 1986/08; launched 1987/07; commissioned 1988/12; active 2024
Molaknenni ("Relentless")
• Laid down 1989/11; launched 1991/04; commissioned 1992/03; active 2024

Specifications

Dimensions
• Length: 114.2 m overall
• Beam: 13.64 m
• Draft: 4.08 m standard
Displacement
• Normal: 2,770 tons
• Full: 3,110 tons
Propulsion
• Configuration: combined diesel or gas
• Powerplant
▪ 2× 8,000 shp diesel engines
▪ 1× 30,000 shp gas turbine engine
• Mechanism: 2× five-bladed screws
Performance
• Speed
▪ 30.2 kts top speed
▪ 14.5 kts cruise speed
• Range: 3,900 nmi at 15 kts
• Endurance: 18 days
Complement
• 114 sailors
• 14 officers
Sensors
• Search
▪ 1× MR-320 (Strut Pair) short-range air and surface-search radar
• Fire control
▪ 1× MR-123 (Bass Tilt) fire control radar for AK-176 and AK-630 guns
▪ 1× 4R33 (Pop Group) fire control radar for 9K33 Osa short-range surface-to-air missile
▪ 1× SRU-28 (Comb Strake) acquisition radar for RAK-11 medium-range anti-ship missile
• Navigation
▪ 2× SES-6 (Flat Ledge) navigation radars
• Electronic warfare
▪ 2× SEP-14 (Notch Cut) ECM sets
▪ 2× MP-401 (Bell Shroud) ECM sets
▪ 2× SER-16 (Bone Stack) ESM sets
▪ 2× PK-16 countermeasures dispensers
▪ 2× Nikhrom (Square Head) IFF antennas
• Sonar
▪ 1× SGA-30 (Hard Knock) hull-mounted sonar
Armament
▪ 1× 76 mm/59 AK-176 dual-purpose gun
▪ 2× 30 mm/54 AK-630 close-in weapon systems
▪ 1×2 ZiF-122 launcher for 9K33 Osa (SA-N-4 Gecko) short-range surface-to-air missile (20 rounds)
▪ 2×2 UR-83B launchers for RAK-11 (GSS-N-9 Sullen) medium-range anti-ship missile
▪ 1× RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher
▪ 2×2 UT-D400-77 400 mm torpedo tubes (3 reloads)
Aviation
• Facilities
▪ Helipad
▪ Hangar for 1 helicopter
• Onboard aircraft
▪ 1× Kamov Ka-28 anti-submarine helicopter

_________________
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>"Wow, if I wasn't a hardened killing machine, that mightta hurt..." —SSgt. John Lugo (1st SFOD-D), Spec Ops: The Line